Acute pyelonephritis usually results from ascending bladder infection. Acute pyelonephritis can also occur through hematogenous infection. Infection can occur in one or both kidneys. Chronic pyelonephritis may occur due to repeated infections, and are usually found in individuals who develop stones, obstruction, or vesicoureteric reflux.
Cystitis (bladder inflammation) are most commonly caused by the spread of infection from the urethra. This can be caused by the backflow of urine from the urethra into the bladder (reflux urtrovesikal), fecal contamination, the use of catheters.
Urethritis an inflammation usually is an infection that spreads up to be classified as general or mongonoreal. Gonococcal urethritis caused by niesseria gonorhoeae and is transmitted through sexual contact. Nongonoreal urethritis; urethritis is not related to niesseria gonorhoeae usually caused by chlamydia urelytikum frakomatik or plasma urea. Pyelonephritis (upper urinary tract infection) is a bacterial infection of the kidney cup, and tissue tobulus intertisial of one or both kidneys. The bacteria reach the bladder through the urethra and ascend kmih to renal kidney although 20% to 25% in cardiac output; bacteria rarely reach the kidneys via the bloodstream; cases of hematogenous spread of less than 3%.
Signs and symptoms of UTI (urethritis, cystitis, and pyelonephritis)
1. Signs and symptoms of urethritis:
- Reddened mucosa and edema
- There is a purulent exudate fluid
- There is ulceration of the urethra
- The existence of a tingling itch
- Good morning sign
- Pus early micturition
- Pain during micturition
- Difficulty to initiate micturition
- Pain in the lower abdomen.
2. Signs and Symptoms of Cystitis:
- Dysuria (pain on urination)
- Increased frequency of urination
- Feeling of wanting to urinate
- The presence of white blood cells in urine
- Lower back pain or suprapubic
- Fever is accompanied by the presence of blood in the urine in severe cases.
3. Signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis:
- Fever
- Shiver
- Low back pain
- Dysuria
Chronic pyelonephritis may show a picture similar to acute pyelonephritis, but it can also cause hypertension and may eventually lead to kidney failure.