Definition
Bronchopneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs that affects one or more lobes of the lungs characterized by patches of infiltrates (Whalley and Wong, 1996).
Bronchopneumonia is the frequency of pulmonary complications, long productive cough, signs and symptoms usually increased temperature, increased pulse rate, increased respiration (Suzanne G. Bare, 1993).
Bronchopneumonia also called lobularis pneumonia, is inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, mold and foreign objects (Sylvia Anderson, 1994).
Etiology
- Bacteria : Diplococcus Pneumoniae, Pneumococcus, Streptococcus Haemolyticus Aureus, Haemophilus Influenzae, Bacillus Friedlander, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
- Virus : Respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, citomegalic virus.
- Fungi : Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus Nepromas, Blastomyces Dermatitidis, Coccidioides Immitis, Aspergillus Sp, Candida Albicans, Mycoplasma Pneumonia.
- Foreign body aspiration: Factors that influence the incidence of bronchopneumonia was decreased endurance for example due to protein energy malnutrition (MEP), chronic disease, antibiotic treatment is not perfect.
Clinical Manifestations
Usually preceded by upper respiratory tract infection. This disease usually occurs suddenly, rising temperatures 39-40 OC with shaking chills, shortness of breath and rapid coughing non productive "breath sound" percussion dim when the lung examination, auscultation of breath sounds smooth wet crackles and loud.
Cough and cold which may weigh up to respiratory insufficiency begins with upper tract infection, patients with a dry cough, headache, muscle pain, anorexia, and difficulty swallowing.
Complication
Complications of bronchopneumonia are:
- Atelectasis is the development of the lungs that are not perfect or lung collapse is due to a lack of mobilization or cough reflex is lost.
- Emphysema is a condition in which the accumulation of pus in the pleural space are in one place or the entire pleural cavity.
- Lung abscess is a collection of pus in the inflamed lung tissue.
- Systemic infection.
- Endocarditis is an inflammation of the endocardial each valve.
- Meningitis is an infection that attacks the lining of the brain.
Assessment for Bronchopneumonia
1. Health history
- A history of previous respiratory tract infection: cough, runny nose, fever.
- Anorexia, difficulty swallowing, nausea and vomiting.
- History of immune-related diseases such as malnutrition.
- Other family members were experiencing respiratory illness.
- Productive cough, breathing nostrils, rapid and shallow breathing, anxiety, cyanosis.
- Fever, tachypnea, cyanosis, respiratory nostril.
- Auscultation of pulmonary crackles wet.
- Laboratory leukocytosis, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate or normal.
- Abnormal chest x-ray (spotting, scattered consolidation in both lungs).
- Age level of development.
- Tolerance / ability to understand actions.
- Coping.
- Separate experiences of family / parents.
- Previous experience respiratory infections.
- The level of knowledge of respiratory disease families.
- Family experience of respiratory disease.
- Readiness / willingness to learn to take care of her family.
Nursing Diagnosis for Bronchopneumonia
- Ineffective airway clearance related to accumulation of secretions.
- Impaired gas exchange related to changes in alveolar capillaries.
- Fluid volume deficit related to excessive output.
- Risk for Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related to inadequate nutritional intake.
- Increased body temperature related to the infection process
- Knowledge Deficit : parents, about the care of clients related to a lack of information.
- Anxiety children related to the effects of hospitalization.